View source for DSERT Text Book for Computer Literacy (CL) and Computer Aided Learning (CAL)

[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/index.php/DSERT_ಪಠ್ಯಪುಸ್ತಕ ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ನೋಡಿ]

''Resource Book to learn Computer Literacy and Computer Aided Learning'''

=Introduction= 
This resource book has two parts - computer literacy skills and computer aided learning. The section on computer literacy introduces the learners to various aspects of the computer, the use of internet and different methods of creating documents in the form of in text documents and mind maps. The section on computer aided learning will discuss how computers can be used to integrate the learning of different subjects, namely, Mathematics, Science and Social Science by using relevant ICT tools and educational software.

This exercise has  two broad objectives of integrating the computer lab into the school education process and enabling the use of computer as a curricular resource. We have attempted to put together this resource book based on the recommendations of the National Curriculum Framework (2005). 
 
The objective of the high school textbooks is to enable teachers and students to acquire a positive mindset about the use of computers for their learning and daily life and also develop a working knowledge of computers and the ways of using them to represent information. It is my hope that every teacher will be able to start using the computer lab in the schools effectively for their own growth and for the classroom teaching – learning processes. Please do share your experiences in using this book. Your feedback is welcome.

The innovation in this book is the integration of ICT into the regular subject teaching-learning. The second section of the book explores some lessons from the mathematics, science and social science subjects that can be taught using the computer, thus integrating the computer as a pedagogical tool. This will help the subject teachers in the school integrate ICTs into their teaching-learning processes as well as use it for their own professional development.

 
 
ICTs can offer a rich and diverse learning environment through the
use of free and open digital resources, both content and software and
this resource book aims to bring that world to the learner by
exploring the use of different audio visual resources as well as the
educational software that are freely available and bundled with the
GNU/Linux platform Ubuntu including GeoGebra, Marble and PhET, apart
from free content on wikipedia and several other free educational
websites. Since these are free to share, students and teachers can
also copy them on their home computers and continue their learning
beyond school.

 
=How to use this book=
Welcome to this resource book on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) !
 
 
ICTs are changing the way we do things, how we communicate and how we
learn. There are many areas of our society and work where we use
ICTs in extensive ways. This resource book is meant to introduce you to the ways
and methods of working with ICTs, including how to use them for
exploring various subjects. This book is for the student to work
along with the teachers. Different sections of the textbook will
require you to work with different teachers.

  
There are two sections in this book, '''Section 1: Computer Literacy'''
and '''Section 2: Computer Aided Learning'''.

 
'''Computer Literacy '''is
learning about what ICTs are. This section introduces you to a
computer. You will also learn how to use the computer to create
documents in a text format as well in the form of a mind map. This
section will also include information on how to use the internet and
email. In this manner, you can start using computers in your daily
life. In this section, you will mostly work with your computer
teacher, on both theory and practice.

 
 
'''Computer Aided Learning '''is
using the computer to learn in different ways about what you have
been to taught in your subject (mathematics, science and social
science) classes. There are chapters that will introduce you to
various lessons in different subjects and you will work with the
respective subject teachers, on both theory and practice.

 
=How is each chapter organised=

Each chapter has the following sections
 
# '''Chapter objectives:''' which will tell you what you should know 	after working through the chapter.
# '''Theory:''' This is the explanation of the topic covered in a 	particular chapter. For example, “Introduction to computers”, 	“Science and Technology” and “What is a mind map” are 	chapter titles. There will be further discussion and explanation of 	this topic in the chapter. Your teacher will explain this part for 	you, in the classroom.
# '''Lab exercises: '''This part of 	the chapter must be done in the computer lab. These could include 	different activities like watching a video, examining the parts of a 	computer or working with different educational software 	applications.
# '''Chapter summary: '''This 	section summarises whatever you have learnt in the chapter. After 	completing the chapter go through the summary. You can also use this 	to check your understanding and go back to your teachers if you need 	help with any of them.
# '''Exercises: '''These are end of 	chapter exercises that you should do in the lab with your teachers 	help to help you use what you have learnt in the chapter.
# '''Additional Resources: '''This 	is a section which will give further extension of some of the ideas 	discussed in the chapter. If you are curious to know more about the 	topic you have studied in a chapter, see this section. These 	resources are a preliminary list – you can add more resources to 	your computer by using the Internet.
 
 
You will see boxes with a picture throughout the textbook. These
pictures are called icons, and the box inside contains information
for a specific purpose. The following icons have been used in this
textbook and their purpose is described below:

 

                        
{| border="1"
|-
| 
'''Icon/Picture'''

 
| 
'''Purpose'''

 
|-
| 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]] 
| 
When you see this icon, the
			information in the box gives you extra hints and tips for using
			the computer and the different educational software.

 
|-
| 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg|50px]] 
| 
This icon tells you that the
			information provided in the box is extra and can be referred to
			for additional understanding. Going through this box is not
			essential for the understanding of the rest of the chapter.

 
|-
| 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg|50px]] 
| 
This icon is asking you to think
			a little bit more about the question or information provided in
			the box.

 
|-
| 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]] 
| 
For many of the sections in this
			book you will need your teachers' help. Wherever you see this icon
			please do not hesitate to ask your teacher. Different subject
			teachers will work with different chapters.

 
|} 
 
We hope you enjoy using this resource book. At the end of using the
book and completing all the exercises, our belief is that you will
develop a very positive and confident approach towards ICTs as well
as have built knowledge and skills to work with new powerful tools -
the computer and the Internet.

 
   
 
= 1.Introduction to Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) – The Computer =
 
== Chapter objective ==
 
In
this chapter, you will learn about

 
# ICTs 	and Computers, in particular
# History 	of Computers
# Uses 	of Computers
# Classification 	of Computers
# Hardware 	: Parts of a computer and system unit
 
== Introduction to ICTs and computers ==
 
You
must have heard of radio programmes like Keli kali in your school.
You can see that radio, televisions, telephones, mobile phones are
being used by everyone in their daily lives. Television
and radio are used for giving (broadcasting) '''information'''
while telephones including mobile phones are used to
talk to ('''communicate'''
with) your friends and family even if they are far away. Now
you can carry a phone in your pocket. All these are Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs) tools.

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_5c1fb147.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg|50px]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2672be64.gif]]
 

 

 

 
In
this chapter you will learn about computers, a new ICT tool. A
computer is a device which takes input, processes it and gives
output which can be stored and shared. When you enter
data into your computer, it is called as input. An input can be data
like text or picture or an instruction(what
to do with the data). This data is
processed (process means to perform a series of operations on a set
of data) and you will get the output. Data or information that the
computer generates is called the output.

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_1f9b3b92.png]]Suppose
you want to add two numbers, 2 and 5. Any
input has two parts, data and the instruction
“2 + 5” is the input. The numbers 2 and 5 are
called the 'data' and
the '+' is called the instruction. A CPU (or a software to add the
numbers) will do the addition, it is called the process. The answer
“7” is the output or the result from the input and the process.

 
A
computer lets you to do many tasks like writing a letter, watching a
educational film, playing games, listening to music and more. You can
also look for information on the Internet.

 
== History of computers ==
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m21bc9239.png]]
''World's
	first computer''


[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_797aeff2.png]]
''Punch
	card''

Did you
know, the first computer was as big as your classroom! 60 years ago, 
computers were very big, costly and used lot of electricity. The
processors of the first computers were made using something called
'vacuum tubes' -which used
tubes in which electrons were moving. Punch cards were a input
method. After the vacuum tubes, came the transistors which could turn
electricity in a circuit “on” or “off”. This turning “on”
and “off” could be used to instruct computers to do calculations.

 
 
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_248b96c3.png]]
''Integrated
	Circuit (IC)''

During the
early 1970s, with the invention of Integrated circuits computers
became faster,cheaper and smaller.

 
Many
transistors were connected together to form one IC. These
computers had keyboard and monitor as input-output devices.(You will
learn about input and output devices in the next chapter).

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m67180220.png]]
''Microprocessor''

Over the
last decade, the computers became so small that it could fit in a
hand. This was possible because of many integrated circuits on one
small square called a microprocessor or a chip which became the main
part of the computer. Mouse, an input device was developed. These
small and powerful computers were connected together to share
information between computers and this period saw the birth and
growth of Internet (you will study in detail about Internet in one of
the chapters).

 
Now-a-days, we see smart phones
and tablets (which are small touch screen computers).

 
== Uses of computers ==
 
Can
you think of all the places where you have seen computers?

 
Computers
are used in many places like banks, schools, railway station,
libraries, shopping complexes, and in various fields like education,
communications, business, research, development and many more.

 
== Types of computers ==
 
Based
on the processing power , storage capacity and cost, computers are
classified as,

 
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m36a503f5.png]]
''Super 		Computers''  '''Supercomputers 	- T''''''he 	most powerful computers.'''''' 	They are used for highly complex problems like launching a rocket in 	the space or weather prediction. Supercomputers are used by 	universities and government agencies. '''
 

 

 

 
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m7134f31.png]]
''Mainframe 		Computers''  '''Mainframe 	Computers - Usually slower, less powerful and cost less than 	supercomputers. They are used in large organizations, like banks and 	businesses.'''
 

 

 

 
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_366ca35c.png]]
''Personal 		Computers''  '''Microcomputers, 	or Personal Computers - The small and low cost computers. 	Microcomputers are more commonly known as personal computers (PC). 	Personal Computers are further classified as (a) Stationary (b) 	Mobile '''
## '''Stationary 		personal computers are DesktopComputers '''
## '''Mobile 		Personal Computers are '''
### ''L[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m209f7f73.png]]
aptop 				Computer''  '''Laptop'''''' 			- ''''''A 			laptop computer popularly called laptop, or notebook computer, is 			a small personal computer designed for carrying where ever we go.'''
### Netbook – A Netbook is a 			small, light and low cost laptop computer.
### [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m13a157ca.png]]
''Tablet 				PC''  Tablet PC - A tablet 			PC is a notebook or slate-shaped mobile computer. It takes input 			from the monitor itself, without a separate keyboard. You can 			input data into the computer using a stylus (digital pen), or 			your finger. The monitor is called touch screen. Where else have 			you seen touch screen monitors ?
##
#
 
== The Hardware : The parts of a computer ==
 
Have
you seen a computer and its parts? Do you know what they are? Do you
know what they do? If you already know – great! If you do not know,
we will learn about computer parts in this chapter.

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_42daba32.png]]A
computer has many parts working together. The parts, which you can
see and touch, are called hardware. Computer hardware is divided into
four parts; system unit, input devices, output devices and storage
media.

 
The
picture shows the common hardware in a computer. A laptop computer
has similar parts but all as one single item.

 
== The System unit ==
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_14d87000.png]]Have
you seen something shaped like a big box? Usually
it is kept on or below the computer table. It will have a power
switch and a place called CD Drive to insert Compact Discs(CDs). It
is the system
unit – the heart of a computer system. Inside this box are many
electronic parts which do the actual work. The most important of
these parts is the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor,
which acts as the &quot;brain&quot; of the computer. Another part is
random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that
the CPU uses while the computer is on. Ask
your teacher to let you look at the back of the computer (never do
this without permission, because there is a lot of dangerous
electricity back there!). You will see lots of cables coming out of
the back of the box and going to other computer parts. On the back or
sometimes front of the case you will also see rectangular slots.
These are called USB(Universal Serial Bus) ports. These are used to
connect storage devices such as flash drives to your computer. You
can also use a USB port to connect the computer to devices like a
digital camera and mobile phones.

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m35004ab2.png]]In
your school set up, you will see something smaller than the regular
system unit. They are called thin clients. These units depends on the
main computer in your lab, which is called a server. These thin
clients are connected to the server through cables. All the
information is stored on the server and many people can access them
using thin clients, at the same time.

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg|50px]] 
    
== Chapter summary ==
 
# Television, 	radio, telephone, mobile phones, computers and Internet are ICT 	tools.
# A 	computer is a device which takes input, processes it and gives 	output which can be stored and shared.
# A 	computer lets you to do most of your daily jobs like writing a 	letter, solving problems, watching a film, playing games, listening 	to music and looking for things on Internet.
# Latest 	computers are touch screen (using finger tips or stylus) computers. 	They are also called tablet PCs and smart phones.
# Hardware 	is the physical part of a computer that you can see and touch.
 
== Lab exercises ==
 
'''Identify
and list all the parts of a computer in your lab. '''

 
== Exercises ==
 
'''Choose
the correct answer'''

 
# The output can be
#
# Latest computers use
## Microprocessors		2. 		Transistors		3. Vacuum tubes
#
# A personal computer is also a
## Supercomputer		2. 		Microcomputer	3. Mainframe computer
#
# What 	component of computer is considered the brain of a computer?
## Output		2. 		CPU		3. Input	4. Memory
#
 
'''Say
True or False'''

 
# ICT stand for Important 	Communication Technology.
# The first computer was made of 	Vacuum tubes.
# A netbook is a personal 	computer.
# Laptops are mainframes.
# Computers can be used to learn 	and solve mathematics.
# Hardware 	is the physical part of a computer that you can see and touch
 
'''Activity'''

 
Some of the uses of computers in
education is given below. Think of more uses and complete the table.

                    
{| border="1"
|-
| 
Uses for students

 
| 
Uses for teachers

 
| 
Uses for school management

 
|-
| 
Research on any information

 
| 
As a teaching aid in the form of
			presentations

 
| 
Record keeping

 
|-
| 
Create presentations of the projects
			they have to work on

 
| 
Create worksheets

 
| 
Timetable

 
|}  
== Additional resources ==
 
# Learn more about the history of 	computers 	'''[[http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/History.htm]]'''   '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware]]'''
# '''Learn 	more about computer classification'''   '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_computers]]'''
 
= 2.Software =
 
== Chapter objectives ==
 
In
this chapter you will learn about,

 
# Different 	types of software
# Operating 	System and its features
# Graphical 	User Interface
# Windows 	7 and Ubuntu GNU/Linux Operating system
# The 	Desktop
# Files 	and Folders
 
== Computer Software ==
 
By
now, you have understood that a computer can be used to do a lot of
things. So, what do you do when you want to paint, write an essay, or
listen to music on a computer? Can you do all these things when you
just have the computer hardware? No, you cannot. To make the computer
do what you want there must be a '''computer programme. '''A
computer programme also termed as software, is a set of instructions
that tells a computer what to do. This is separate from the hardware
and it is the most important aspect of the computer which allows it
to do many different tasks.

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m17dc4b9f.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg|50px]]
 
Software
	needs hardware to work on and a hardware is useless without
	software. So computer must have both hardware and software.


  
== Types of software ==
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2f3437be.png]]A
computer should know what to do when you switch on the computer, move
the mouse or press a key on the keyboard. However, a computer can
only understand 0s and 1s, and you cannot talk or understand that
language. To explain our instructions to the computer we need a
special computer programme which is called the '''Operating system.'''
Operating system is also called system software as it works with the
hardware. Every computer must have an operating system to run other
computer programmes . Even your mobile phones will have an operating
system. Operating systems start automatically when you turn on the
computer. This process is called '''booting.''' All the other
computer programmes like programmes to paint, type, listen to music,
learn maths etc., are called '''Application Software''' or 'Apps'
which work with the system software. People who write programmes are
called computer programmers or software developers. On any computer
you will have software to paint, to type letters, to watch movies, to
find something on the Internet, to learn maths.

 
== What does an  Operating System do? ==
 
# It checks if the hardware is 	working properly.
# It translates your language 	into computer language, by reading input from keyboard/mouse and 	sending the output to the monitor.
# It allows you to access and 	modify files, use printers and disk drives, and run applications.
 
 
'''How does the Operating
Systems enable you to use the computer?'''

 
Operating systems use a program
called the Graphical user interface (GUI, pronounced as goo-ee), . 
It allows you to access other computer programmes (applications) by
using a mouse. '''
The popular operating systems are Windows, GNU/Linux and Mac OSx. In
this chapter, you will learn about Windows 7 operating system and
GNU/Linux operating system called Ubuntu.'''

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg|50px]]
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_642f2b43.gif]] 
'''Why
	are you learning both Windows and Ubuntu GNU/Linux Operating
	system?'''



It is useful to learn at least two operating systems to develop a
	general understanding of how operating systems work. Microsoft
	Windows, made by a company called Microsoft is a popular operating
	system . It is a proprietary OS, each user has to individually 
	purchase a licence to use it. The Ubuntu GNU/Linux OS is free
	(mukta) software, which is free to use, share and modify. Ubuntu is
	becoming increasingly popular.



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Before you learn more about
Operating systems, you should know that one computer can have more
than one operating systems. You can use one at a time. In your
computer, you will see both Windows 7 and U[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m45162d1.png]]buntu
Operating system. You can choose any one at the start up. You will
see a list like this when you turn on the computer.

 
Choose the first option if you
want to use Ubuntu and the last option which says Windows 7 (loader)
if you want to use Windows 7.

 
 
== Windows 7 operating system ==
 
Once you select Windows 7
operating system, you will see a welcome screen which looks like
this.

 
I[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_md6ddf5e.png]]t
displays a list of all users on the computer. You can click your user
name instead of typing it. You will have to enter the password to log
in. Login is a process that allows you to start using the computer
once you type the correct password.

 
 
The desktop is the main screen
area that you see after logging on to Windows. When you open programs
or folders, they appear on the desktop. You can put files and folders
on the desktop, and arrange them however you want.

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m6a3a7dc1.gif]] 
'''Why should you
	log in?'''


Logging in
	prevents unauthorised people from using your computer which keeps
	your data secure.

[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg|50px]]
 

  
T[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2097363d.png]]here
is a taskbar at the bottom of your screen. It shows you which
programs are running and allows you to go from one program to
another. It also contains the Start button 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2e9987e2.png]],
which you can use to access programs, folders, and computer settings.
Clicking on the start button, opens a start menu. It's called a menu
because it provides a list of choices, just as a restaurant menu
does. And as start implies, it's often the place that you'll go to
start or open things. You can Use the Start menu to do these common
activities:

 
* Start programs[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m54e6db7d.png]]
* Open commonly used folders
* Search for files, folders, and 	programs
* Adjust computer settings
* Get 	help on the Windows 	operating system
* Turn off the computer or log 	off from Windows
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m763e1644.gif]] 
Windows
	Help and Support is the built-in help system for Windows.
	It's a place to get quick answers to common questions, suggestions
	for troubleshooting, and instructions for how to do things. To open
	Windows
	Help and Support, click the Start
	button, and then click Help
	and Support.


 

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6f8f9fba.png]]
 
On
the desktop, you will see icons. Icons are small pictures that
represent files, folders, programs, and other items. Double-clicking
a desktop icon starts or opens the item it represents.

 
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2de596e4.gif]] 
'''The Recycle Bin'''


When
	you delete a file or folder, it doesn't actually get deleted right
	away—it
	goes to the Recycle Bin. That's a good thing, because if you ever
	change your mind and decide you need a deleted file, you can get it
	back. If you're sure that you won't need the deleted items again,
	you can empty the Recycle Bin. Doing that will permanently delete
	the items

[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]] 
 

 

  
== Turning off your computer properly ==
 
When you're finished using your
computer, it's important to turn it off properly. It saves energy,
helps keep your computer secure and to ensure that your data is
saved.

 
T[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m7342ad06.png]]o
turn off your computer using the Start menu, click the Start
button, and then, in the lower-right corner of the Start menu, click
Shut
down.

 

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_151ccc4c.png]]
 
== Ubuntu operating system ==
 
If you choose Ubuntu at the
start up, you will see a login screen screen as shown in the picture.

 
 
'''Logging in :'''

 
Select your username, and type your password the desktop will appear.
 
 
'''The Desktop '''

 
On a desktop, you will see icons (if any), windows (if any programme is being used) and menus.
 
'''Panels '''

 
Two panels are visible —one at the top of the screen, and one at
the bottom. The one at the top has icons and menus. The panel at the
bottom is where you'll see all the programmes running, and this panel
also has some buttons like a trash icon (right).

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_mb10d114.png]] 
'''Menus '''

 
The three menus at the top of
the screen (Applications, Places, System) are known as the main
menus. They stay on-screen all the time.

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_24cd2a40.png]] 
The '''Applications menu''' at
the top left has a list of all the programmes (apps) on your
computer.

 
 
The '''Places menu''', next to
it, lets you access the hard disk, CD/DVD or pen drives. Digital
cameras and MP3 players are also listed here when plugged-in.

 
 
The System menu, next to the
Places menu, lets you control your computer’s settings, eg.,
setting time &amp; date, changing mouse buttons if you are a left
handed person etc. It has two sub-menus, as follows:

 
'''''Preferences''''': This
menu lets you to make your computer look and work as you want or
prefer. For example, you can change your desktop picture to the photo
of your school or your sports team. Select System &gt; Preferences &gt;
Appearances

 
'''''Administration'''''''':'''
This menu lets you change hardware settings, such as altering the
time/date, and adding/removing software.

 
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_1fd90b6e.png]]'''Shutting
down the computer'''

 
What will you do after you have
finished your work? You have to turn off the computer. You must turn
it off by clicking on the last button on the right hand top corner
and select shutdown. .

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m78d678c4.gif]] 
Never turn off the
	power button without shutting the computer properly

[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]

== Managing files and folders ==
 
When
you write an essay or paint something on a paper, you would like to
keep it for future, right? You would probably put it in a hard bound
folder. May be, if you have more than one essay or painting, you
would have one folder to hold your essays and one folder to hold your
paintings.

 
What
would you do when you do the same things on a computer? Can you store
it as you would do with the paper ? Yes,of course. You can store all
that you have done on a computer as a '''file'''. Every programme,
image, video, song, and document is stored as a file. And similar
files can be put in a '''folder. ''' Folders can also store other
folders called sub-folders. Folders are also called &quot;directories&quot;
Do you know where the files and folders are kept in a computer? They
are stored on a disk (remember your hardware chapter where you learnt
about hard disk, pen drives, CDs).

 
To manage all the files and
folders that you make, we need a '''file manager''' (also called as
file browser). A file manager or file browser is a computer programme
that provides a user interface to work with files. Windows uses a
file manager called the Windows explorer and Ubuntu uses a file
manager/browser called Nautilus. File browser is used to

 
* [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6f72a7.png]]Create 	folders and documents
* Display 	your files and folders
 
* Search 	and manage your files
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c746de.png]]This
file manager lets you organize your files into folders. Folders can
contain files and may also contain other folders. Using folders can
help you find your files more easily. You can also copy or move files
from one folder to another, create new folders, delete unwanted
folders, give new names to the files and folders etc, using the file
browser.

 
For
any operating system, many things are files, such as documents,
photos, movies, and music.

 
== Lab exercises ==
 
Do
the following exercises first in Windows and then in Ubuntu Operating
system

 
# Log 	in to a computer (Take teachers help for username and password)
# Open 	a programme called 'Calculator'.
# Add 	any two numbers.
# Close 	the programme (you'll have to click on the X button on the right 	hand top corner of the calculator).
# What 	is the difference between log off and shut-down functions ?
 
== Chapter summary ==
 
# A 	computer programme tells a computer what to do and how to do it. A computer programme is also called software'''.'''
# Operating 	System and Application software are two types of software.
# Operating 	system is a special 	computer programme which is required in all computers to explain 	our instructions to it.
# Operating Systems make 	computers user friendly or easy to use by using a programme called 	graphical user interface (GUI).
# Windows 7 is a GUI based 	operating system
# On a Windows 7 Desktop, you 	will see a start menu at the bottom on the taskbar, and some icons 	on the desktop.
# Ubuntu is a GNU/Linux Operating 	system.
# On a Ubuntu Desktop, you will 	see top panel (which has icons and menus), bottom panel (which has a 	trash bin), and windows, if any programmes are running.
# You have to login to a computer 	to use it and shut down properly after use.
# Every 	programme, image, video, song, and document is stored as a file. 	And similar files can be put in a folder.
# File browser is used to create 	folders and documents, display your files and folders, search and 	manage your files.
 
== Exercises ==
 
Choose
the correct answer

 
# A 	computer programme is also called
## Desktop	ii. 		Software	iii. Hardware
#
# The 	most important programme on any computer is
## Applications		ii. 		File manager	iii. Operating System
#
# GUI 	stands for
## Good 		user interface	ii. Graphical user interface	iii. Great user 		interface
#
# Which 	of the following is an Operating system?
## GNU/Linux		ii. 		Calculator		iii. Text Editor
#
 
Say
True or False

 
# Operating 	system make computers user-friendly.
# To 	shut down the computer, press the power off switch.
# The 	programme which can understand what you want to do and tells it to 	the computer is called the application software.
# A 	folder is also called a directory.
# File 	manager in Ubuntu is called Explorer.
 
== Additional resources ==
 
<u>[[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system]]</u>

 
<u>[[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program]]</u>

 
<u>[[http://parenting.kaboose.com/education-and-learning/learning-resources/comp-les7.html]]</u>

 
<u>[[www.top-]]</u><u>[[windows]]</u><u>[[-]]</u><u>[[tutorials]]</u><u>[[.com/]]</u><u>[[windows]]</u><u>[[-]]</u><u>[[7]]</u><u>[[.html]]</u>

 
<u>[[http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/help/getting-started]]</u>

 
<u>[[http://www.ubuntu.com]]</u>

= 3.Text editing with text editor =
[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/images/c/c1/3._Using_a_text_editor.odt Download '''Using a text editor''']
== Chapter objectives ==
At the end of this chapter, you will learn about

* Word 	processors
* Different types of text editor (also called word processors)
* Using word processor like LibreOffice Writer
* Text 	editing and formatting
 
'''Word processors'''
If you want to write a letter to your friend, a story or school work in a computer, what would you do or where would you type them? A software application called the '''word processor''' would do that. A word processor is a software used for creating (including writing, editing, formatting, and possibly printing) documents. This software lets you to create a document, store it on the disk, show it on a screen, make changes to it using the keyboard and print it on a printer.


'''What can the word processors do?'''
* '''Insert 	text:''' 	It allows you to insert text anywhere in the document.
* '''Delete 	text:''' 	It allows you to erase characters, words, lines, or pages as easily 	as you can cross them out on paper.
* '''Cut''' 	and''' 	paste :''' 	It allows you to remove (''cut'') 	a section of text from one place in a document and insert (''paste'') 	it somewhere else.
* '''Copy''' ''':''' 	It allows you to duplicate a section of text.
* '''Page 	size and margins :''' 	It allows you to define various page sizes and margins, and the word 	processor will automatically readjust the text so that it fits.
* '''Search 	and replace''' ''':''' 	It allows you to search for a particular word or phrase. You can 	also replace one group of characters with another anywhere that the 	first group appears.
* '''Word 	wrap''' ''':''' 	The word processor automatically moves to the next line when you 	have filled one line with text, and it will readjust text if you 	change the margins.
* '''Print:''' 	It allows you to send a document to a printer to get print out.
 
* '''Font 	specifications:''' 	It allows you to change fonts. (A font is how a character, alphabet 	or symbol appears 	on the screen. Different fonts are available for typing different 	styles). For example, you can make the text in your document bold 	(dark), italics (slant) and underlining. You can also increase or 	decrease the size of the text.
* '''Graphics:''' 	It allows you to insert pictures and graphs into a document.
* '''Layout''' ''':''' 	It allows you to specify how a page will look including setting 	margins, page size within a single document.
* '''Headers, 	footers, and page numbering:''' 	It allows you to put headers and footers that the word processor 	will put at the top and bottom of every page. The word processor 	automatically keeps track of page numbers so that the correct number 	appears on each page.
* '''Spell 	checker''' ''':''' 	It is a program that allows you to check the spelling of words. It 	will highlight any words that it does not recognise.
 
 
'''List of some popular word processors'''
# LibreOffice Writer
# OpenOffice.org writer
# Microsoft Word
# Web-based word processors (Google Docs)
 
You will learn how to use LibreOffice Writer on Ubuntu. LibreOffice works on Ubuntu GNU/Linux, Mac and Windows operating systems while Microsoft Word works only on Microsoft Windows. LibreOffice is a public software and can be freely shared without licence restrictions or payment of licence fees. Microsoft
Word is proprietary software and can be got by paying licence fees per user.
[[microsoft word]]
== Using LibreOffice to create documents ==
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m68195161.png|600px]] <br>
''LibreOffice''<br>

[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_55d56d98.gif]]<br>
You will have to log into Ubuntu operating system to use LibreOffice Writer. <br>
To start LibreOffice, you have to click '''Applications → Office → LibreOffice Writer.''' You will see a window like the one in the picture. There will be a blank page and a cursor where you can start typing. Note that everything that you dp using Microsoft Word can be done using LibreOffice too.<br>

Type a paragraph using LibreOffice. The functions that you may be using in Microsoft office will be discussed in LibreOffice.<br>
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1794ed9a.png]]<br>
''Saving the file''<br>

Type the paragraph. Save the file by clicking on 'File' menu and selecting 'Save' option as shown in the picture. Type the file name in the dialog
box that shows up as 'My School' and click on the 'Save' button. 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_51b656ce.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m420b1293.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg|50px]]

== Making changes to the text ==
 [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_ma2ed312.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_58749c8f.gif]] 
Inserting, deleting and selecting text is done exactly the same way as it is done in Microsoft Word.
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1613e29b.png]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m12f0f039.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_75cbe56b.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_30986aae.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_44feca9d.gif]] 
 
'''Copying text'''
Select the text you want to copy and click on 'Edit' menu and select 'Copy'. You can also copy text by clicking on copy button or by using the keyboard shortcut CTRL and C.
 
'''Cutting text'''
Select the text you want to cut and click on 'Edit' menu and select 'Cut'. You can also cut text by clicking on cut button, or by using the the keyboard shortcut CTRL and X.
 
'''Pasting text'''
Click on 'Edit' and select 'Paste' menu. You can also paste copied or cut text by clicking on the paste button or by using the keyboard shortcut CTRL and V.
 
== Formatting characters and paragraphs ==
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2b451a81.png]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m580ce8f5.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6aa7ccf7.gif]]
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m4597452e.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_5af18342.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_8447139.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m4fb7f678.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_43b923cd.gif]]
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m267839c6.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_1d156733.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_4e52895b.gif]]
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_46aac4aa.png]]You can change the font style, size. You can make the text bold, slanting or underline the text. To change case (small letters to capital letters etc), click on 'Format' menu and select 'Change Case'. To capitalise the selected text, choose UPPERCASE option.
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_136b8716.png]] To change the colour of the
text, click on the small arrow next to the icon in the picture.
 
You can format paragraphs, i.e., align the text left, centre, right and justify using these buttons
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1e5e331e.png]].

For more character formatting options, click on 'Format' menu and choose 'Character'. There are many tabs like Indents and Spacing, Alignment, Text Flow, Outline &amp; Numbering, Tabs, Drop Caps, Borders, and Background available when you click on Format → Paragraph.
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2c8d7b6b.png]]To shade a paragraph or give a background colour to it, click on the 'Background' tab and choose a colour. And, to add border to paragraphs, click on the Borders tab. Now try changing the essay using the above options. Align the heading 'My school' to centre. Change the background colour to light blue. Put borders to the paragraph.

== Making simple lists ==
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m68cd55b0.png]]Use these buttons to create lists. The first button is used to make lists with bullets and the second one is used for numbered lists. Make two lists of animals. One list is bulleted and of wild animals. The other one is numbered and of domestic animals.
 
== Typing in Kannada ==
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_53e9a84f.png]]IBus is a software application used to type in various languages. Using IBus and LibreOffice, you will learn how to type in Kannada. Open LibreOffice Writer. Click CTRL and the SPACE bar together. On the top panel, you will see something like this. Now you can start typing in Kannada. Use the following key strokes to type. 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
{| border="1"
|-
| 
Keyboard
			Sequence

 
| 
Character

 
| 
Keyboard
			Sequence

 
| 
Character

 
| 
Keyboard
			Sequence

 
| 
Character

 
|-
| 
k

 
| 
ಕ್

 
| 
bh

 
| 
ಭ್

 
| 
u

 
| 
ಉ

 
|-
| 
kh

 
| 
ಖ್

 
| 
m

 
| 
ಮ್

 
| 
uu

 
| 
ಊ

 
|-
| 
g

 
| 
ಗ್

 
| 
y

 
| 
ಯ್

 
| 
U

 
| 
ಊ

 
|-
| 
gh

 
| 
ಘ್

 
| 
r

 
| 
ರ್

 
| 
RRi

 
| 
ಋ

 
|-
| 
~N

 
| 
ಙ್

 
| 
l

 
| 
ಲ್

 
| 
R^i

 
| 
ಋ

 
|-
| 
N^

 
| 
ಙ್

 
| 
L

 
| 
ಳ್

 
| 
Ru

 
| 
ಋ

 
|-
| 
ch

 
| 
ಚ್

 
| 
ld

 
| 
ಳ್

 
| 
e

 
| 
ಎ

 
|-
| 
Ch

 
| 
ಛ್

 
| 
v

 
| 
ವ್

 
| 
E

 
| 
ಏ

 
|-
| 
chh

 
| 
ಛ್

 
| 
w

 
| 
ವ್

 
| 
ee

 
| 
ಏ&quot;

 
|-
| 
j

 
| 
ಜ್

 
| 
sh

 
| 
ಶ್

 
| 
ai

 
| 
ಐ

 
|-
| 
jh

 
| 
ಝ್

 
| 
Sh

 
| 
ಷ್

 
| 
o

 
| 
ಒ

 
|-
| 
~n

 
| 
ಞ್

 
| 
shh

 
| 
ಷ್

 
| 
O

 
| 
ಓ

 
|-
| 
JN

 
| 
ಞ್

 
| 
s

 
| 
ಸ್

 
| 
oo

 
| 
ಓ

 
|-
| 
T

 
| 
ಟ್

 
| 
h

 
| 
ಹ್

 
| 
au

 
| 
ಔ

 
|-
| 
Th

 
| 
ಠ್

 
| 
GY

 
| 
ಜ್ಞ್

 
| 
M

 
| 
ಂ

 
|-
| 
D

 
| 
ಡ್

 
| 
j~n

 
| 
ಜ್ಞ್

 
| 
H

 
| 
ಃ

 
|-
| 
Dh

 
| 
ಢ್

 
| 
dny

 
| 
ಜ್ಞ್

 
| 
0

 
| 
೦

 
|-
| 
N

 
| 
ಣ್

 
| 
x

 
| 
ಕ್ಷ್

 
| 
1

 
| 
೧

 
|-
| 
t

 
| 
ತ್

 
| 
ksh

 
| 
ಕ್ಷ್

 
| 
2

 
| 
೨

 
|-
| 
th

 
| 
ಥ್

 
| 
 
| 
 
| 
3

 
| 
೩

 
|-
| 
d

 
| 
ದ್

 
| 
a

 
| 
ಅ

 
| 
4

 
| 
೪

 
|-
| 
dh

 
| 
ಧ್

 
| 
aa

 
| 
ಆ

 
| 
5

 
| 
೫

 
|-
| 
n

 
| 
ನ್

 
| 
A

 
| 
ಆ

 
| 
6

 
| 
೬

 
|-
| 
p

 
| 
ಪ್

 
| 
i

 
| 
ಇ

 
| 
7

 
| 
೭

 
|-
| 
ph

 
| 
ಫ್

 
| 
ii

 
| 
ಈ

 
| 
8

 
| 
೮

 
|-
| 
b

 
| 
ಬ್

 
| 
I

 
| 
ಈ

 
| 
9

 
| 
೯

 
|} 
=== Lab Exercises ===
Type a paragraph on trees using and LibreOffice Writer
 

Trees are very important things in our daily lives. They provide us food and oxygen – two most vital things for our survival. Some trees have medicinal value. Some other trees gives us wood. This wood is used in building homes, making furniture and as a source of fuel too. It is very important not to cut trees and to plant more trees.

 
After formatting, it should look like

'''TREES'''
Trees are very important things
in our daily lives. They provide us ''food ''and ''oxygen'' – two most <u>vital</u> things for our survival. Some trees have medicinal value. Some other trees gives us wood. This wood is used in building homes, making furniture and as a source of fuel too. It is very important not to cut trees and to <u>'''plant more trees.'''</u>

== Summary ==
# A word processor lets you to create a document, store it on the disk, show it on a screen, make changes to it using the keyboard,and print it on a printer.
# A word processor can insert, delete, cut, copy and paste text.
# Some popular word processors are Microsoft Word, LibreOffice writer, OpenOffice Writer, Google Docs.
# Microsoft Word works only on 	Microsoft Windows operating system and the files created using it has a .docx extension.
# LibreOffice Writer works on 	many operating systems including Ubuntu GNU/Linux and Microsoft Windows. The files created using it has a .odt extenstion.
# Using LibreOffice Writer, you learnt how to make changes to the text, format 	characters and paragraphs and create lists with bullets and numbers.
 
== Exercises ==
# Open 	LibreOffice Writer (This can be done in Kannada or English)
## Type your names. ii. Change the way your names look.
## Make copies of your names without retyping them.
## Move your names to the middle of the page without retyping them.
# Make 	a list of states in India using numbers 
# Write a letter to your teacher asking for 15 days leave
# Make 	a list of your friends using bullets in LibreOffice Writer.
 
== Additional resources ==
Press F1 function key when using  LibreOffice for help

= 4.Browsing the Internet =
==Objectives ==
In this chapter, you will learn about
# Computer Network
# [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet Internet]
# Software and Hardware required to connect to the Internet
# World Wide Web and URLs
# Internet Browsers
# Browsing the Internet
 
==The Internet ==
How do we get electricity in our homes? Electricity flows through a network which is a connection of power lines, cables, towers and reaches our homes. 
There are different kinds of networks; rail network, road network,telephone, water supply network and many more. A network is a connection of many components. Also, networks are shared by many people. Even computers can be connected in a network. A computer network is a group of two or more computer systems linked together. Computer networks can be broadly classifed as,
 
* '''Local Area networks (LANs)''' ''':''' The 	computers are close together (may be, in the same building).
* '''Wide Area networks (WANs)''' ''':''' The 	computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines or 	radio waves.   [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m163d865d.png]]
''Hub''
 
In your school or DIET lab, you must have seen all the computers (clients) connected to one main computer - “the server”. It is a LAN. The cables
from the clients are connected to a device called a 'hub', and the hub is connected to the server. A hub is a common connection point for devices in a network. Do you know what can be shared in a computer network? You can share files, information and even some hardware devices using a computer
network.


What is the use of sharing information over a computer network? You might have booked train or bus tickets when you travel across the state. To book a ticket you need to find out which train or bus goes from your place to wherever you want to go and also if the tickets are available on the dates you want to travel. If your computer is connected to the computer in a railway reservation office which has the information about the trains and ticket availability, you can book tickets from home. Such a connection of computers is called an '''Internet connection.''' Information is communicated and shared between the two computers, through such an Internet connection.

If you want information about some book available in your library, you can connect to the library's computer from home and get the information that you want. There are many such computers in different organisations giving us different types of information. These computers are all connected to one another. This is called the '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet Internet].''' So, for sharing or getting information from another computer on the Internet, you need a connection to the Internet.

*'''What do you need to connect to the Internet?'''
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_b6ef5d3.png]]
''Modem''

Before you can connect to the Internet, you must have a computer, a modem (A modem is a hardware device that allows a computer to transmit data over telephone or cable lines) and access to a telephone line which is connected to the Internet and a software to connect.
  
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m18aa5759.png]]
''Data card''

You can also use a device called data card for connecting to the internet without any wire connections. The data cards use the mobile phones network to connect to the internet. The connection software is provided usually by the service providers (which are mostly telephone companies). In Karnataka/India, companies like Airtel, BSNL, Vodaphone provide such services.

To know more about the history of the Internet, visit [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet Wikipedia]
 
== World Wide Web (WWW) ==
There are millions of pages of shared information on the computers in the network, created by many people and organizations, in the form of 'web pages' accessed using a software application called a 'web browser'. This information network is called the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web World Wide Web] (in short known as www). The source of information is called the web site. A web site is a collection of related web pages of information. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web WWW] is one application on the Internet.

== Web Browser ==
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2853baf8.png]]Once you are connected to the Internet and are ready to look for things, you will need a software called the web Browser. There are many browsers available like Mozilla Firefox, Windows Internet Explorer, Apple's Safari, Google Chrome etc. All browsers will have similar functions. In this chapter you will learn to use Mozilla Firefox to
browse the web. Browse the web means look for things on the internet. Click on the icon on your top panel to start the Firefox Internet browser when you are using Ubuntu. You will see a screen like this.
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m6d5142b8.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]] 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_5057183e.gif]] 
 
A website is nothing but a folder on a computer connected to the Internet, which has an 'address ' . You will have to enter the address of a website in the address bar (see the picture). This address is also called Uniform Resource Locator (URL). In the address bar, type [[www.wikipedia.org]] and press enter. This is a website where you can find information on many subjects.
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_292fca48.png]]

This website has information on many languages. Move the mouse pointer on English and you will find that the pointer has changed to a hand. These are links to other sections of the web site. They are called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink hyperlinks]. A hyperlink is a mechanism by which a web page is linked to another related web page. Text, images can be made into hyper links. A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink hyperlink] is usually underlined.

[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_1afcbe46.png]]

When you click on English, you get the information from the encyclopedia in English.  There are different sections, if you look at the right hand top
corner, giving information about Arts, History, Maths, Science etc. You can click on Maths and search on a certain topic. Type multiplication in the search box that you see just above the different sections. You will get an article about Multiplication.

==Search Engine==
A search engine is used to search for information on the World Wide Web. It keeps a track of all web pages. We can search for information we want
by providing a word or a sentence to a search engine. Google search engin is a very popular search engine. In your browser's address bar type
"Google.co.in". In the search box you see type 'sachin tendulkar centuries'. You will see a list of all the webpages having information about Sachin
Tendulkar's centuries. You can click on the hyper links and get more information. There are other search engines too, such as [https://duckduckgo.com/ DuckDuckgo]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuckDuckGo DuckDuckgo] does not collect information about users and hence your privacy is protected.

== Lab exercises ==
== Visit the following websites ==
# kn.wikipedia.org, Kannada.samachar.com, irctc.com rmsa.karnatakaeducation.org.in, dsert.kar.nic.in
# Search for information on your topic using [[http://Google.co.in Google search engine] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuckDuckGo DuckDuckgo] search engine.
==='''Topics''' - School Leadership===
Chose from - Aims of education, School and society, Community participation in education, teacher professional development, open educational resources, professional learning community, School development, School leadership, Leadership styles. Leadership theories

== Chapter summary ==
# Files, information and even some hardware devices can be shared using a computer network.
# Information is communicated and shared between the computers through an Internet connection.
# A computer, modem and access to a telephone line which is connected to the Internet and a connection software is required to connect to the Internet.
# A web site is a collection of related web pages of information.
# A software application called a web browser is required to look for things on the Internet's World Wide Web.
# A search engine is used to search for information on the World Wide Web
 
== Exercises==
*Choose the correct answer
# Internet is a network of
## Roads		2. Rails	3. Computers		4. Water pipes
# Which of these is not a browser
## Safari		2. Chrome	3. Nautilus		4. Firefox
# The device used to connect without wires to the Internet is called
## USB Flash drive	2. Data card		3. Memory Card	4.Modem
 
*Say True or False
# Internet is a network of computers
# A Modem is required to connect to the Internet without wires
# Wikipedia is a website
# WWW stands for world wide web
# URL stands for Unknown resource locator

== Additional Resources ==
[[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet]]

= 5.Mind mapping =
 
== Mind mapping with Freemind ==
 
== Chapter objectives ==
 
In this
chapter you will be able to

 
# Understand 	the meaning of a mind map
# Learn 	how to use mind maps
# And 	learn how to create mind maps using a software application called 	'''Freemind'''
 
== What is a mind map? ==
 
Close
your eyes and think of a word. For example think about the word
plant. Now think of all the words that that come into your mind when
you think about the word plant. List these words in your notebook.

 
 
Some
of the common thoughts/words that would
come into mind when thinking about plants are:

 
 
'''	
PLANT	WATER		PHOTOSYNTHESIS		LEAF '''

 
'''	
FLOWER 		ROOT 	STEM 	'''

 
'''		SOIL			SUNLIGHT			CARBON
DI OXIDE '''

 
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_7eb78929.png]]These
words have meaning that can be pictured in the mind. These words can
be called '''concept'''
words. '''Concept'''
is a way of describing a word that can be pictured in the mind. It is
also any thought, idea, belief, picture or image that is formed in
the mind when we think of a word or topic. For example, one concept
for plant is that it is a living thing.

 
 
 
Now
look at these words:

 
 
'''	HAVE
	USING 	NEED'''

 
'''		CARRY-OUT'''

 
 
 
These
words are not '''concept''' words
but <u>'''link'''</u>
two or more '''concept''' words
together. For example,
plants have roots, leaves, stem, flower. So one concept may be
linked to many other concepts. This can be drawn like a map shown in
the picture below.

 
Now
add more c'''oncept'''
words to the above picture or map by linking one '''concept'''
to many other concepts to make a m'''ind
map'''
of the topic plant.

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]] 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1edfa6e3.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2cefd992.gif]] 
 
 
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m640e2802.png]]''Figure
	2''

 
A
mind map of plant with the words that was described above while
picturing the word plant is seen below in ''Figure 2''.

 
 
 
What
are the differences you notice in ''Figure
1''
and ''Figure
2''?
One obvious difference is that in ''Figure
1''
not all the concept and link words that have been listed are there.
The other difference is

 
that in ''Figure
1 ''a
pen and paper has been used to draw the mind map freehand. In
''Figure
2''
a software application or tool called '''Freemind
'''is
used to
draw the Mind-map.

 
      
== Lab exercises ==
 
'''What is
Freemind and how can I use it ?'''

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m271ec832.png]]
''Open
	Freemind''

Freemind is a public
educational application software tool for creating and editing
(changing) mindmaps. You can share it freely.

 
'''To open Freemind'''

 
Select from the Ubuntu menu
'''Applications &gt; Office &gt; Freemind'''

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m4bf81e5d.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_71b3ab50.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]] 
 
 
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m14db685b.png]] 
'''To create a new mind-map'''

 
# Select 	the mode as '''Maps 	&gt; Mindmap Mode ('''Shortcut 	Key''' ALT+1) 	'''from 	the Freemind Menu
# Select 	'''File &gt; New'''
# '''('''Shortcut 	Key''' Ctrl+N). 	'''You 	 should see a screen as follows:
 
 
To start writing the Mind map

 
# Double-Click on the Node '''New 	Mindmap '''as shown in ''Figure 3''''.''
# Delete the text '''New Mindmap''' 	and type in PLANT the central concept word.
  
To add a '''link word''' place
your cursor on PLANT node ('''Parent Node) ''' and use one of the
following options

 
# Select 	menu option '''Edit 	&gt; New Child Node '''(Shortcut 	Key Insert)
# You 	have created a new '''child 	node '''of 	node PLANT
# Enter 	the text ''have ''in 	this new node
# Select 	menu option '''Format 	 &gt; Fork '''
 
To add another '''concept''' '''
word''' place your cursor on ''have'' node ('''Parent Node) '''and

 
# Select 	menu option '''Edit 	&gt; New Child Node '''(Shortcut 	key: Insert)
# You 	have created a new '''child 	node '''of 	node ''have''
# Enter 	the text STEM in 	this new node
# Select 	menu option '''Format 	 &gt; Bubble '''
 
 
To add a '''concept''' ''' word
'''''LEAVES'' you can also place your cursor on ''STEM
('''''Sibling Node''') and

 
# Select 	menu option '''Edit &gt; New 	Sibling Node '''(Shortcut 	key: Enter)
# You 	have created a new '''sibling 	node '''of 	node ''STEM''
# Enter 	the text LEAVES in 	this new node
# Select 	menu option '''Format 	 &gt; Bubble'''
 
In this way you can create the
complete Mind-map for PLANT.

 
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_mb28b845.png]]
''Saving
	the mind map''

'''Save your Freemind
mind map'''

 
# Select 	menu option '''File 	&gt; Save As''''''.'''
# A window appears (like Figure).
# Select 	the folder by double clicking on '''./ 	 '''in 	the Folders box. The folder selected here is '''/Home/Bindu/Documents''''''.'''
# Type the file name plant in the 	box.
# Click 	'''OK.'''
# You will notice the name 	changes in the top panel of the freemind window and now has the file 	name with the path it is saved in.
# Your 	file is saved as '''plant.mm.''' 	All freemind files have the file extension '''mm.'''
 
 
'''To open a Freemind mind map'''

 
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_4ace7708.png]]
''Figure 		5''  Select menu option '''File 	&gt; Open '''
# A window appears
# Select the folder in which you 	saved the file
# Select the file &lt;filename&gt;.mm 	in this case plant.mm
# '''Click OK'''
 
 

 
'''Try this
exercise in the Lab'''

 
# The 	topic or main mind is TRANSPORTATION. Here are a list of 'Mind' 	words : air, slow, car, sea, petrol, aeroplane, fast, submarine, 	car, bicycle, ship, helicopter, fuel, water, diesel. If you think 	of more mind words add it to this list. Use your own 'link' words 	and create a Mind map in Freemind. Name your file Transportation.mm
 
== Chapter summary ==
 
In this
chapter we learnt about

 
# '''Concepts: 	'''Concepts are like giving 	meaning to words or ideas that you picture in your mind. You can 	link one concept word with many other concept words using a link 	word based on your understanding. Examples of concept words : 	Animal, Plant, Food, Mammals etc. Examples of link words are: 	having, belonging, a part of etc.
# '''Mind 	maps : ''' Mind maps link 	different concepts with each other and create a map of the ideas you 	have in your mind about a specific topic.
# '''Freemind:''' 	Freemind is a software application that you can use to draw a mind 	map on the computer. When you save the mind map on the computer it 	is a digital document that you can change and share any time you 	want to.
# How '''mind 	maps are useful''' for learning different subjects and topics; by 	thinking of all the ideas that come into your mind about a topic and 	how these ideas are related to each other in your understanding. If 	the understanding is not correct, your teacher can discuss with you 	why it may be incorrect and this way you also learn to correct some 	ideas which you may have misunderstood.
 
== Exercises ==
 
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_731f5ed0.png]]
''Figure 		6''  The topic or main 	concept is ANIMALS. The different animals are reptiles, mammals, 	fish, birds, amphibians. List all the animals you know in each 	category. The mindmap has been started for you. See Figure 6 below. 	Complete it with all the animals you know.
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg|50px]]
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_29557353.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_51c4a07a.gif]]
 

 

 

 
# Select 	MY VILLAGE as your main topic. If you live in a bigger town or city 	select MY LOCALITY as your main topic. Close your eyes and picture 	your village/locality and create a mind-map.
  

 

 

 
== Additional resources ==
 
'''See
''''''[[http://www.gnowledge.org/]]''''''
for many mindmaps on different subjects. You can also join the
community online and contribute your maps'''''''''.
'''''''''[[http://rmsa.karnatakaeducation.org.in]]''''''
also has mindmaps for concepts in mathematics, science and social
science topics.'''

  
'''Computer Aided Learning'''

  
= 6.Learning geometry with GeoGebra =
 
== Chapter objectives ==
 
In this chapter you will learn

 
* How you can use the computer to learn 	mathematics.
* About GeoGebra a mathematical software 	application that helps you learn Geometry, Algebra and Statistics.
* How to use GeoGebra.
* Connect GeoGebra with the geometry taught in 	the maths class to better understand some of the concepts and 	properties.
 
== How can we use ICTs for learning mathematics? ==
 
Nowadays we see computers everywhere
and we know that it has become an important part of our daily lives.
So far we have learnt how to use the computer for basic document
writing also called text processing. We have used the Internet to
read information. We might also have watched some videos, listened to
music, seen some CDs about our class lessons. You must have played
some games on the computer as well! Have you seen or used a
calculator? A calculator is a device to do arithmetic calculations.
Now calculators are available in computers and mobile phones. Now you
can also learn other areas of mathematics such as geometry, algebra
and statistics using software applications like GeoGebra.

 
It helps you visualise geometric concepts and explore properties of
different types of geometric figures like lines, triangles and rays.

 
== What is GeoGebra ? ==
 
Can you guess why the creators of
this tool named it GeoGebra. Geo is an abbreviation for Geometry and
Gebra for Algebra. Did you know that you can represent all
geometric figures as algebra equations? GeoGebra helps you see both
the geometric figures and its algebra representation at the same
time, hence the name GeoGebra.

 

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]]
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6308822b.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2407bc89.gif]]
 

 

 

 
In this
chapter you will learn to understand Geometry concepts using
GeoGebra.

 
In GeoGebra you can '''animate'''
the geometric figure you have drawn and '''dynamically ''' see how
some values like length, area, perimeter of a figure changes, see the
same figure in different ways.

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_32fe000d.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_257c28c7.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg|50px]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m32c8b606.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m12bc7bcb.gif]]
 

 

 

 

 

 

 
== Lab exercises ==
 
=== Introduction, the GeoGebra window ===
 
The GeoGebra screen is divided in
several sections to represent mathematical objects in different

 
ways. The names of the different
parts are shown below.

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m43b4d032.gif]] ''Main Screen -
		GeoGebra''



 
'''Menu
Bar: It is a '''typical
windows command menu bar. '''File,
Edit, View '''etc...
are called the menu-items.

 
'''Tool Bar: ''' It
has all the tools (compass
box) to use in the graphic view.

 
'''Active Tool View: '''It
tells you which tool is active to use on the graphic view and how to
use it.

 
'''Graphic View: It is '''used
to draw the geometric figures (also called '''objects'''
in GeoGebra). This window can never be closed.

 
'''Algebra View: It '''shows
the algebraic expressions. This window can be closed if you are
working only on geometry.

 
'''Input Bar: '''This
is used to enter more complex mathematical expressions that may not
be available on the Tool Bar.

 
'''Commands: It has to be '''used
along with the Input Bar, to select from a list of available
commands.

 
=== The Toolbar ===
 
The tool bar is GeoGebra's compass box

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_48e11462.png]] 
Each tool has many related tools under it. To see all
the related tools, click on the arrow at the bottom right hand corner
of each tool as shown below.

 
 
'''Basic use of tools '''

 
* [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2e9355f9.png]]Activate 	a tool by clicking on the button showing the corresponding icon.
* Open a toolbox by clicking on the lower part of a 	button and select another tool from this toolbox.
 
 
 
'''Look of screen'''

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_156af86e.png]]In
GeoGebra only the graphic view cannot be closed. You can change the
screen to be best fit for working with your needs: Press '''View'''
on the menu Item and ''uncheck ''or ''check'' Algebra View,
Axes and Grid based on your needs.

 
 
=== GeoGebra Exercises ===
 
# '''Drawing 	points, line segment and rays'''
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m539baf10.png]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m124065c4.png]]

 

 
To learn how to use GeoGebra we will
use the most commonly used tools when drawing geometrical shapes .

 
# Select 	Point Tool, and click anywhere on the drawing point to plot six 	points A, B, C, D, E, F.
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6802121.png]]Select 	'''Segment between two points''' tool, click on point A and then 	point B.
# Select 	'''Line through two points '''tool, 	click on point C and then point D.
# Select 	'''Ray through two points''' 	tool, click on point E and the point F.
  
Can you describe in your own words the difference between a segment,
line and ray? Also see the algebra view and observe the equations of
the line b and ray c. The line segment a is represented in the
algebra view as a = 2.83, where 2.83 is the length of the segment.

 
 
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_1eb2590.png]]'''Drawing 	a parallel line'''
## Select 		Point Tool and click anywhere on the drawing point to plot three 		points A,B, C.
## Select 		'''Line through two points '''tool, 		click on point A and then point B.
## Select 		'''Parallel Line''' tool, 		click on point C first. Then click on line AB.
#
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m779a848b.gif]]Now
use the '''Move''' Tool
move points A, B and C. What do you observe? Describe it.

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3c7f10aa.gif]]Next
use the M'''ove Graphics view'''
tool and move the drawing pad. Do the two lines ever
meet?

 
 
# '''Drawing 	 polygons'''
## Select '''Point''' tool and plot three points A B and C to 		represent the vertices of a triangle.
## [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m54b722a1.png]]To 		draw a three-sided polygon – triangle, select '''Polygon''' 		tool click on point A, then B and C and again click on point A. '''OR'''
#
  
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_mab953ed.png]]Try
making a pentagon and hexagon on your own.

 
# '''Rotate 	a ray'''
## Draw 		line segment AB of any length''' (Segment between two points''' tool''')''''''.'''
## Select the '''Ray Through two points '''tool, click on point A, 		then select another point C on the drawing pad as shown in the 		figure.
## Select the '''Angle '''tool, as seen in the figure and click on 		points B, then A and finally C. You will see an angle measure. 		Click on the Move tool and move point C. Observe the change of 		angle.
## Observe the direction (clockwise, anticlockwise) in which you move 		the ray? In which direction does the angle increase and which 		direction does it decrease?
#
# '''Draw 	triangles'''
 
In this exercise you are going to
draw a '''right-angled triangle '''where the base is 5 '''units'''
and the hypotenuse is 8 '''units'''.

 
All buttons on the tool bar hide
many related tools. You choose the tool you want by pressing the
small red arrow in the lower right corner of the button. Choose from
the list that shows up.

 
# Start your drawing by using the 	tool '''Segment with Given Length 	from Point'''.
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_11696e76.png]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_56714df5.png]]
 

 

 
# Continue by drawing the right 	angle. Do this by drawing a perpendicular line through point '''A'''. 	 Choose the perpendicular line tool, click on point A first and then 	on the line.
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m847fc33.png]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m786d5315.png]]
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_72a9f629.png]]To 	mark the third corner of the triangle you use one of the circle 	tools, '''Circle with Centre and 	Radius'''.
# Click on the point '''B''' and 	fill in the length of the hypotenuse as radius.
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m500b00f8.png]]
  

 

 

 

 
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m5680d7e4.png]]Choose 	the tool '''Intersect Two Objects''', 	click on the circle and the perpendicular line. The point in the 	intersection is the third corner of the triangle.
 

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m54b722a1.png]]
 

 
# Draw the triangle by choosing 	the '''''Polygon''''' tool. You need to click all the corners 	and then click again on the first corner to complete the triangle.
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2ef6678c.png]]
 

 
# The perpendicular line and the 	circle, even the points do not need to be visible or seen now, you 	only want to show the triangle. Hide an object by right-clicking 	the object and uncheck '''Show 	Object '''by 	clicking on it.
 

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m65f9e530.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m48e92b5b.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]
 

 

 

 

 

 
# The lengths of the sides in the 	triangle can be shown. Right-click one of the sides and choose 	'''Object Properties''' in 	the menu which shows up. Check the '''Show 	Label''' field and choose '''Value''' 	from the drop down list.
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_7e14b643.png]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6cbe0b7d.png]]
 
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_74ac619e.png]]To 	show the size of the angles use the '''Angle '''tool. Click on '''each 	vertex''' of the triangle. The order in which you click the 	vertices must be in the clock wise direction. In this figure click 	in this order BAC, CBA, and ACB.
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m75799bb0.png]]
 

 

 

 

 

 
# The area of the triangle can also be shown, 	use the '''Area''' tool as seen in the figure above. Click on Area 	tool and then click on the polygon.
# Change the shape of the triangle by moving 	the points you are able to move (use the Move tool).
 
'''To save GeoGebra files'''

 
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m30e17108.png]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m6e1d0aba.png]]To 	save your GeoGebra file, select menu item '''File &gt; Save As.'''
# Select the Document folder.
# Type the filename Right Angled Triangle.
# The Files of Type box will automatically have 	Geogebra Files (.ggb).
# Click Save. Your file will be saved as '''Right 	Angled Triangle.ggb.'''
 

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_643eb27c.png]]'''To
open GeoGebra files'''

 
# Open the GeoGebra applications.
# Select menu item 	'''File '''&gt; '''Open'''.
# Select the folder 	and the file.
# Click Open.
 

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_7560e0b7.png]]
 
'''Additionally you can try the following
exercise.'''

 
# Follow the following steps to construct a 	rectangle ABCD like the figure. Use the '''Move '''tool 	and move the vertices of the rectangle. If you have constructed the 	rectangle correctly, when you move the vertices the figure will 	always be a rectangle. 	Seeing this construction can you write down the properties of a 	rectangle?   '''Steps:'''
## Draw a line 		segment AB of any length ('''Segment between two points''' tool).
## Draw a 		perpendicular line at point A perpendicular to line segment AB. For 		this in GeoGebra : Select the '''Perpendicular line '''tool. Click 		on point A then select line segment AB.   [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m7091d368.png]]
## Similarly draw 		another perpendicular line at point B to line segment AB. How will 		you do this in GeoGebra?
## Now select the 		'''Parallel Line''' tool and draw a parallel line to AB at 		any new point''' C''''''.'''
## Mark the 		intersection points of the parallel and perpendicular lines as D 		and E using the '''Intersect two objects '''tool.
## ADEB the 		rectangle you constructed.
## To measure the 		sides, use the '''Distance or Length''' tool and click on points 		AD, then DE, then EB and finally AB.
## Select the '''move''' 		tool and move points A or B. What do you observe, write down your 		observations.
## Now use the 		polygon tool and complete your rectangle. Also hide the 		construction. How will you do this?
#
 
== Chapter summary ==
 
In this chapter you have learnt about:

 
# '''GeoGebra''' 	is a mathematical tool that helps you construct geometrical figures 	and see the geometric and algebraic representations at the same 	time. It is dynamic (where you can change the values of some of the 	properties like length, angle) and you can '''animate''' 	your geometric figures to understand properties of the figures you 	have drawn.
# You learnt how to 	use GeoGebra to construct different geometrical figures and 	understand some mathematical concepts.
 
== Exercises ==
 
# '''Verifying a Theorem: T''''''he 	sum of the interior angles of a triangle are 180 degrees.'''
## Draw 		three points A, B, C ('''New 		Point '''tool)
## Draw 		the triangle with vertices A,B and C ('''Polygon''' 		tool)
## Select 		the '''Angle '''tool 		to measure each of the interior angles of the triangle. Now verify 		that the sum of all the interior angles equals to 180 degrees.
## Select one of the vertices of the triangle (A,B or C) 		and move the points ('''Move''' tool) to change the shape of the 		triangles.
#
 [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m5fe95702.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m43c97b62.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]] 
 
 
 
 
                     
{| border="1"
|-
| 
Angle BAC

 
| 
Angle CBA

 
| 
Angle ACB

 
| 
Sum of Interior
					Angles of Triangle ABC

 
|-
| 
 
| 
 
| 
 
| 
 
|}   
 
# '''Exploring 	the rule: Similar triangles are proportional : '''Draw a triangle. 	Place a point on one of the sides and draw a line through this point 	parallel to one of the sides in the triangle. Parallel line: Use the 	'''Parallel line''' tool. You now have two triangles like the 	figure below.   [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_76cbafdc.png]]
 
# Explain why triangle 	ABC is similar to triangle DBE. Measure the lengths of the sides in 	both triangles.
# Check if the rule stating that 	the ratio between the lengths of corresponding sides in similar 	triangles is the same applies.
# Measuring lengths: Use the 	Distance or Length tool.
# Make the Algebra View visible: 	View on the Menu Item.
# Show names of points: 	Right‐click on one of the points, choose properties, in the list 	on the left side click on points and check Show Label.
# Calculate the ratio: In the 	Input bar write: r1=Distance[A,B]/Distance[A,D]. AB and AD are 	corresponding sides in the two triangles. Repeat the command for the 	other two pairs of corresponding sides.
# Change the shape of the 	triangle by moving the points you are able to move (use the Move 	tool). Are the triangles still similar? What happens to the ratios?
 [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]] 

 [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m20abd1a5.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_385e9bfc.gif]]  
 
 
 
# Construct 	a square in GeoGebra. You are only given a line segment AB of any 	length. How will you construct the square? The steps are given 	below
## Draw 		a line segment AB of any length using '''Segment between Two Points 		Tool''''''.'''
## Draw 		two perpendicular lines at points A and B respectively and 		perpendicular to the line 		segment AB using '''Perpendicular Line tool''''''.'''
## Draw 		a circle of radius = length of line segment AB using the circle 		with '''centre ''''''through point tool'''. 		Make point A the centre of the circle and point B as the point on 		the circle.
## Use 		'''Intersection two objects '''and 		click on the point where the circle intersects the perpendicular 		line at A. This will be point C.
## Draw 		a parallel line by selecting point C and line segment AB using the 		'''parallel line tool'''.
## Use 		'''Intersection two objects '''and 		click on the point where the parallel line intersects the 		perpendicular line at B. This will be point D.
## ABCD is your square.
## Measure the sides using the 		'''Distance or Length tool'''. 		What do you observe? What are the properties of a square?
## [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]]Move 		the points A or B using the '''Move tool. '''Is 		ABCD still a square?
#
  

  
== Additional resources ==
 
# To learn more GeoGebra seethe 	website [[http://www.geogebra.org/en/wiki/index.php/English]]
# To download GeoGebra files 	(.ggb) created by your mathematics teachers go to 	[[http://rmsa.karnatakaeducation.org.in/]] 	 Select Maths Tab , then Computer Tools Tab.
# [[http://spoken-tutorial.org/wiki/index.php/Geogebra]] 	 To see video tutorials of GeoGebra
# To learn about how to 	participate in mathematics olympiads please see the website 	[[http://olympiads.hbcse.tifr.res.in/]]
# Here are a list of mathematics 	websites that you can try out puzzles
## '''[[http://www.homeschoolmath.net/online/math_games_fun.php]]''' '''[[http://mathematics.hellam.net/]]'''
#
 

 
= 7.Science and technology =
 
== Chapter objectives ==
 
At the
end of this chapter, you should be able to

 
 
# Understand the way science and 	technology have grown
# Use different software 	applications for learning topics
# Understand simulations and how 	they are used
# Use the Internet to access 	information
 
You will work with your teacher in
this module. She will guide you through the various topics as well as
give examples for each of these topics from your syllabus. Several
examples here will require you to do practical experiments in the
science lab as well as observe things outside your classroom.

 
== Science and technology ==
 
What is the connection between
science and technology? Study of science includes a method of
observing things around us, thinking about why those events happen,
explaining why the events happen, recording information about the
events and also predicting what might happen. The understanding of
phenomena can lead to the development of tools – this is what we
call technology. The technology can provide us more methods of
observing, experimenting and recording. And this in turn results in
the advancement of science. Thus, science and technology are very
closely connected.

 
One of the technologies that has a
great influence on many areas of our life today is Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs). These include the computer and
the internet for transmitting information. You have already learnt
about the history and development of computers. Now we will look at
the various ways in which computers can be used for scientific
research and study.

 
'''Making large calculations'''

 
Computers make it easy for
scientists to do calculations with large numbers, for example number
of cells or number of stars.

 
'''Make models for study'''

 
Experiments in science are of
different kinds. Some are small, some are large, some are simple,
some need lots of equipment, some are very complex and need lots of
skill to do and some are impossible to do physically. Can you think
of some examples of each of these kinds?

 
Computers
help scientists in making models of complex and physically difficult
experiments. If we want to find out whether a medicine will work or
not, it is possible to build a computer model of the human cell for
simulating how it will respond to the medicine. Similarly, we cannot
go to a star and study the radio waves produced; but we can model it
on a computer.

            
{| border="1"
|-
| 
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m775c8cb4.gif|Frame19]]

 
 
| 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m6f5d3f64.png]]''Geological
				map of the world''

 
|-
| 
This is simulation of a supernova
			explosion. This has been made on the computer so that scientists
			can study what causes an explosion, what happens during an
			explosion and what is the effect afterwards.

 
| 
This is a geological map of the
			world – you can see the rock structure in the Himalayas, Andes
			and other mountain ranges of the world. This map has been produced
			from many local, paper maps and putting them on the computer.

 
|} 

 
'''Connecting scientists and building databases'''

 
Science is everywhere. When
computers are used to share the data collected, more people can have
access to it. In Bengaluru, the National Centre of Biological
Sciences wants to build a database of scientific data by getting data
on trees and plants from all over Karnataka. Such a database will be
available to many people.

 
=== Lab exercises ===
 
The internet is a very useful
resource for getting information about many topics.

 
1. With the help of your teacher,
look at the following websites:

 
[[http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/index.html]]

 
[[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4k3kEA3pmo]]

 
This will give you information about
satellites and how they are made and used.

 
2.
Check the internet for information about the Citizen Sparrow Project
to see how the computer can help collect scientific information from
many people and help make analyses.

 
== What are computer simulations? ==
 
Computer simulations are very useful
for scientific research when a physical experiment may be very costly
or dangerous or extremely time consuming to do. When a scientist is
studying a problem, she will make assumptions about what causes the
change and make predictions about what will change. This information
can be input to the computer and the simulation will make all the
calculations and show what changes happen. Sometimes, the changes
that the simulation will show will be different from what the
scientist predicted. This will help the scientists refine the theory.
The simulation shows the experiment on a computer. The scientist can
change the inputs to see how the experiment changes. This helps in
the development of new knowledge.

 
'''Simulations are different from
animations'''

 
Computer models are different from
animations. In an animation, we simply see a movie which shows a
phenomenon happening. The inputs cannot be changed.

 
Your teacher will show you the
following. Write down what you observe in the two activities. Is
there any difference between the two?

 
# Applications&gt; Education&gt; 	PhET&gt; My Solar System
# Applications&gt; Education&gt; 	Kstars&gt; Tools&gt; Solar System
# Check out the following link on 	the solar system.
 
[[http://www.stumbleupon.com/su/569KDD/dd.dynamicdiagrams.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/orrery_2006.swf]]

 
=== Computer simulations for studying science ===
 
PhET
is a software application that contains computer demonstrations of
experiments and activities. These are called simulation. A simulation
is like doing an experiment on the computer.

 
=== Lab exercises ===
 
You can find PhET under
'''Applications&gt; Education&gt; Science'''. We will learn more
about simulations a little later when we learn about the use of
computers in science. The PhET simulation can also be found on the
Internet at [[http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/new]].

 
When you open PhET you will see a
page like the one shown below.

 

 

 
When we click on '''Play with sims'''
– it will open simulations in various subjects. We will click on
Physics and scroll down to the simulation on Waves on a String. When
we want to open a simulation, we click on the green rectangle which
says 'Run Now'. And this will start the simulation.

 
<u>'''Exercise 1 : '''</u>Observe
the simulation 'Wave on a String'

 
You will see a picture like this. 
This is similar to a situation that you might have had where you tie
a rope to one end and the other end is in your hand.

 
When you shake your hand, the rope
will shake though it will be fixed at the other end. Similarly, if
we move the wrench here, the rope (which is a collection of beads)
will also move without being removed from the other end.

 
This simulation will allow you to
move the string in different ways using the mouse and the various
choices you have. Your teacher will explain what these various
choices are.

 
''Physics simulation:
	Waves on a string -I''


[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6ee488f.png]]


 

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m5c9aad02.gif]] 
In
	this simulation, you would have noticed two words – tension and
	damping. Tension is the force that will get set up in a rope when
	you pull on it. How much tension gets set up depends on the material
	of the string. If you have a cotton saree as a rope and a nylon
	string as a rope, they will move in different ways. Damping means
	reducing. When I pull up the rope, the rope will try to resist that
	pull and this resistance is called damping.


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
'''Answer the following questions'''

 
# When you 'move' the wrench up 	and down, did the string move? How did it move? How did each of the 	beads move?
# When you look at the 	simulation, it looks like something is moving from one end to 	another. What is moving?
# Let us understand what happens 	when you move the string using the manual option. You can complete 	the table below.
                                  
{| border="1"
|-
| 
'''Activity'''

 
| 
'''What do you observe ?'''

 
|-
| 
Move the wrench upwards

 
| 
 
|-
| 
Move the wrench downwards

 
| 
 
|-
| 
Move the wrench upwards and
				downwards

 
| 
 
|-
| 
Are the beads in the string
				moving left to right; right to left, or up and down? What does
				this tell you about waves

 
| 
 
|-
| 
How fast does the string move
				when tension is high and when tension is low. Is there a
				difference and why?

 
| 
 
|-
| 
When you add damping how does
				the string move

 
| 
 
|}  

 
# Let us understand what happens 	when you move the string using the oscillating option. You can 	complete the table below. You will see that there is a green 	rectangle on the top in which there are control buttons for 	amplitude, frequency and damping. We know what damping is. At the 	end of this simulation, you will be able to describe amplitude and 	frequency.
                    
{| border="1"
|-
| 
Increase and decrease amplitude

 
| 
How does the wave look? How do
			the beads move? What changes in the beads when you change the
			amplitude? Do all the beads move in the same way? When you
			increase or decrease amplitude, what happens to the frequency

 
|-
| 
Increase and decrease frequency

 
| 
How does the wave look? How do
			the beads move? What changes in the beads when you change the
			frequency? Do all the beads move in the same way? When you
			increase or decrease frequency, what happens to the amplitude?

 
|-
| 
Change the values of tension and
			damping

 
| 
What do you observe is happening
			to the wave? What happens if the wave end is not fixed but loose?

 
|-
| 
Use the ruler to see how the
			beads move?

 
| 
How far do the beads jump? Does
			it change?

 
|} 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_52bafd00.gif]] 
When
	you use the ruler you will notice that some of the beads jump very
	high – much more than when the wave started. Why is this so? How
	high the beads go is related to the amplitude. Discuss with your
	teacher why the beads jump so high after a while and also the
	relationship with the amplitude of the wave. Describe what you
	understand by amplitude and frequency.

 

 

 

 
== Chapter summary ==
 
# Science and technology are linked; technology 	has helped the development of science.
# Computers have made many improvements in how 	we study science. They can be used to simulate models, do large 	calculations,develop databases and help connect people.
# The computer and Internet technologies can 	also be used for studying science in schools.
# You have studied about ecosystems, biomes 	through videos.
# You have seen the difference between 	simulation and animation.
 
== Exercises ==
 
# Open the PhET simulation on Colour Vision. 	Run both the simulations – RGB Bulbs and Single Bulb. Then, answer 	the following questions:
 
# When only one bulb is used, what colour does 	the man see? Why?
# When more than one colour is used, what 	colour does the man see? Why? Does this change if I move the 	sliders on each of the bulbs the man sees? If it changes, why does 	it change?
# When all the three bulbs are used, what is 	the colour that the man sees? Where else do we see white light? If 	R,G,B when mixed give the white light, what can you say about the 	nature of the red, green and blue.
# When does the man see any colour and when 	does he see black?
# What is the filter doing? Explain the 	difference in colour between the source being monochromatic (single 	colour) and white.
 
# Open the PhET simulation on Friction 	under Physics/ Motion. Run the simulation and answer the following 	questions.
 
# What do the moving green and yellow circles 	indicate?
# When you are rubbing the yellow book on the 	green book what happens? How do you know that the heat is being 	generated?
# When the temperature goes very high, the 	yellow circles fly off. What does this mean physically?
 
== Additional resources ==
 
# [[http://www.nrao.edu/]] 	- For a description of radio astronomy
# '''http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/History.htm'''''' 	– ''''''Growth 	in computer technology'''
 
= 8.Social science =
 
== History ==
 
=== Chapter objectives ===
 
At the end of this chapter, you will
work with ICTs to get an understanding over the following

 
# Different 	historical sources and perspectives.
# How 	to look for information beyond the available history textbook 	material on the lives of different people in history.
 
=== Historical sources and perspectives: ===
 
When
we study history, we learn about different events that have happened
in the past. We hear about stories of kings and queens, the
commoners and their lives. How can you know that these things have
happened? As we cannot see these people, we need to think about what
they looked like, how they dressed, what they ate, what did they
worship, what was their government like and many more such things.

 
 
Historians
use different types of evidence to build stories of what might have
happened in the past. They use different sources including ancient
monuments, clothes, tools, diaries and other kinds of written
documents, works of art and by speaking to older people in the
community. Sources can be primary or secondary. Primary sources are
original material, for example excavated material, letters and
diaries of people from the past and other such material. Secondary
material is that which uses primary sources to produce historical
writing.

 
 
We
usually visit museums to see displays of material from the past.
Below each will be a description of how old it is, where it was found
etc.

 
 
But
this is limited as museums cannot store all the sources of history.
Besides, different museums will have different kinds of sources.
Hence, if we want to see and learn about all the different kind of
evidences that have been used to write history, we can look it up on
the Internet.

 
 
Websites
like the Archaeological Survey of India's [[http://asi.nic.in/]]
are good repositories of historical information. The information on
such websites are valid and certified as authentic. However,
this may not be the case with all websites on the Internet.

 
      
{| border="1"
|-
| 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg|50px]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_75c0866a.gif]] 
 
 
 
 
 
|} 
=== Lab exercise ===
 
# Look 	up websites on the Indus Valley Civilisation and look at how the 	information is written. Are there any differences? Note it down. For 	example, what are the sources mentioned, who has written about this 	information? (You can start your search with the below mentioned 	websites)
## [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization]]
## [[http://india.mrdonn.org/indus.html]]
## [[http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/indus_valley/]]
#
# Using these web 	links: [[http://asi.nic.in/asi_walkthrough.asp]], 	[[http://asi.nic.in/asi_pgallery.asp]] 	and [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire]], 	write about the lives of the people (their food habits, clothes, 	regular places they visited, their daily life) in the Vijayanagara 	empire. You can use the word processor for this. Some examples which 	you could write about are
## A temple dancer
## One of the 		Virupaksha temple builders
## A vendor in Hampi
## A farmer
#
 
=== Chapter summary ===
 
# History is written with the help of different 	historical sources, both primary and secondary.
# Historical writing represents the ways of 	life of people in the past.
# Historical writing must be authenticated. .
 
=== Exercises ===
 
# Using these websites, go through stories from Buddhism and Jainism. 	Work in groups and choose one website. Collect the main points from 	the stories and narrate your favourite story to your class.
## [[http://www.jainworld.com/literature/strindex.htm]]
## [[http://www.scribd.com/doc/81399/Jain-Stories]]
## [[http://www.jainworld.com/education/stories1.asp]]
#
# Watch 	some videos on Alexander the Great on [[www.youtube.com]] 	and write a short life sketch imagining that you are Alexander. Also 	write a life sketch imagining you are the person who was in charge 	of taking care of his horse.
# Look 	up these websites to read the life of famous Indian historians: 	[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romila_Thapar]], 	[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryanath_U._Kamath]], 	[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Llewellyn_Basham]], 	[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Sharan_Sharma]].   Why do 	you think they wanted to become historians? Type all the possible 	answers you can think of and share with your class.
# With 	the help of your teacher, go on a expedition of your 	village/neighbourhood. Find out about the major historical sites of 	your area. Try to trace how and why these sites became important. 	You can also take photographs of this and share with your class.
# Meet 	some of the old people in your village and ask them to tell you a 	story about the village or a janapada that tells the story of the 	village. Can you write it down and later type it so that everybody 	can read it?
 
== Political science ==
 
=== Chapter objectives ===
 
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to
explore using ICTs to develop an understanding over

 
# Your role as a citizen in a local and 	national context.
# Identifying different social and civic issues 	in the locality.
# How to access the elected representatives in 	charge.
 
 
India is
a democratic country and as citizens of this country, we have certain
rights as well as responsibilities. To be an active citizen, we must
understand the social issues and civic issues around us and see how
we can participate to do something about these issues. Through these
exercises, we will explore what you and your classmates understand by
the term democracy. You will work with your teacher to learn this
concept. You will also draw up lists of the issues in your
neighbourhood, especially concerning the common resources (water,
forests, irrigation systems, land etc.)

 
 
=== Lab exercise ===
 
# Using a mindmap, map out all 	what you understand by the term democracy. Work in groups and 	present it to your classmates and come up with your own definitions 	of the term.
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]Create 	a photo essay of the social and civic issues in your neighbourhood
      
{| border="1"
|-
| 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_5f21465d.gif]] 
 
|} 

 
# What 	are the common resources in your village. Make a photo essay on 	this.
# Visit 	the government departments (agriculture, horticulture, social 	welfare etc.) and gather information that is relevant and useful for 	you and your family. This will cover your needs now and for the 	future, your family needs etc. : 	[[http://www.youtube.com/watch?]][[v=Sgd6y9GTcdE&list=UUH4suj5leg5_Na0ttjuHHjw&index=20&feature=plcp]]
 
=== Chapter summary ===
 
# Different government 	departments have different responsibilities
# As a citizen, you must be aware 	of this and ensure that all basic needs of your community are met.
 
=== Exercises ===
 
# Interview 	some of your classmates and teachers and head master or head 	mistress and find out what they think are important issues that need 	to be addressed in your school. Prepare a note on this and present 	this to your head master/head mistress with inputs from your 	teacher.
# Visit your local Grama 	''Panchayat ''and make a list of their functions. Interview some 	of the members on their vision for the village.
# What 	is the most important need for your school? (For example, need of 	toilet, a science lab etc. 	Find out who the concerned official is and write an application for 	this. Watch this video of how some girls did a similar activity to 	get a bus to their village. 	[[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=523515SrOX0&list=UUH4suj5leg5_Na0ttjuHHjw&index=18&feature=plcp]]
 
== Geography ==
 
=== Chapter objectives ===
 
At the end of this chapter, you
should be able to explore using ICTs to develop an understanding
over

 
# The reason behind natural 	phenomenon, how it can affect lives of people and safety measures 	against it.
# Navigate the public educational 	tool Marble and use it to locate different places.
 
=== Natural Phenomenon ===
 
There
are many natural phenomena occurring all the time. Rains, floods,
droughts, earthquakes, volcanoes are some examples of these.
Phenomenon like these occur in most places around the earth. However,
there are particular areas which are more prone to volcano eruptions,
earthquakes etc. Some of these prove to be harmful
to animal and human life. This leads to people losing their homes,
their livelihoods and also their close friends and family.

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg|50px]]      
{| border="1"
|-
| 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2a172c4a.gif]] 
 
 
|} 
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m5333b511.jpg]] 
It is not possible for us to see some of these things in our daily
life (for example, volcano eruption, earthquakes). Let us make use of
the Internet to look up some of these videos and try and understand
these phenomenon.

 
=== Lab exercises ===
 
# Go 	to [[www.youtube.com]] and watch 	some videos on earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis. Divide into 	groups and prepare a presentation teaching you fellow classmates on 	how these phenomenon occur.   Listed below are some 	videos to help you start your search.
## [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5piS8JBb3E]] 		(earthquakes explained by children)
## [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yexLVVeWHb8&feature=related]] 		(What is a tsunami)
## [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZp1dNybgfc&feature=fvst]] 		(National Geographic video on volcanoes)
## [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1lsLUBh9I8&feature=relmfu]] 		(National Geographic video on tsunamis)
## [[http://www.youtube.com/user/NationalGeographic?feature=watch#p/search/0/CtBXTvtFaCU]] 		(National Geographic video on earthquakes)
#
# Drought and floods are common 	in Karnataka. Look up online newspapers 	([[http://kannada.samachar.com/]]) 	and present to the class your analysis of the situation (which 	regions are most affected, the situation of the people and your 	ideas on what government can do to help these regions).
 
=== Maps ===
 
One
of the techniques we use in geography is pictorial representation of
places, events, features using maps. Map making (cartography) is a
very important skill and has been around for many many years. For
more information on the history of map making, visit
[[http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/map/h_map/h_map.htm]]
and [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cartography]].

 
 
We
can use maps to emphasise some things (for example the map showing
volcanoes that you saw above), describe details of some things. There
are different kinds of maps for example physical map, political map,
etc. Maps come in different shapes and sizes. We can also make a map
of our school, our locality and even our village. Open Street maps
[[http://www.openstreetmap.org/]]
are an example of how people are now making their own maps of their
neighbourhoods and adding things to it which are important for them.

 
Let
us now look at different maps and understand what they are depicting.

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg|50px]]      
{| border="1"
|-
|  
 
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_21c30df9.gif]] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
|} 
 
=== Lab exercises ===
 
# Using these 	websites 	([[http://geography.about.com/od/understandmaps/a/map-types.htm]], 	[[http://www.myteacherpages.com/webpages/TTravis/social_studies_class.cfm?subpage=648434]]), 	fill in the following table
            
{| border="1"
|-
| 
Type of Map

 
| 
The purpose of the map

 
|-
| 
 
| 
 
|} 
 
# Marble   Go to Applications – 	&gt; Education – &gt; Marble.
 
 
 
 
 
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_7d121b88.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]On
the left side, you can see the different earth views for example
precipitation in July and December, rainfall in July and December
etc. Click on each of the maps, explore. Try and answer the questions
below.

 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m25876bfa.gif]] 
 
 
 
# Identify 	the regions where there is heavy rainfall in June and December. Are 	there any similar regions? What could be the reason?
# Which 	are the hot zones on the earth and which are the cold zones? What 	could be the reason?
# Turn 	the globe upside down. Note down some of the main differences you 	feel could happen because of this. (For example, Australia on top.)   [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]]
 
      
{| border="1"
|-
| 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m258e4c8c.gif]]

 
 
|} 
=== Chapter summary ===
 
# Natural 	phenomenon occur due to many natural as well as human influenced 	reasons.
# Maps 	are a representation of some information in a pictorial manner.
# Marble 	is an educational tool through which physical information can be 	collected about the earth through its different map views.
 
== Exercises ==
 
# Prepare a concept map on what 	you think the environment consists of. What are the environmental 	problems that you are aware of? Have you observed anything like this 	in your surrounding areas? It is important for us to participate in 	saving the environment.
# How many borewells/ wells are 	there in and around your school? Are all of them functioning? What 	do you think could be the reasons for the drying up of borewells? 	Prepare a note on why ground water conservation is important. You 	can use the Internet to look for pictures and other websites for 	your sharing.
# In the first week of every 	month, record the temperature. Prepare a table of the data that you 	have collected.                                      {| border="1" |- |    | Minimun   | Maximum   | Rainfall   |- | January   |    |    |    |- | February   |    |    |    |- | …....   |    |    |    |- | December   |    |    |    |} [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m3c0e3d90.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m43ce02a3.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]
  
== Additional exercises ==
 
# Using this website 	[[http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-ancient.html]] 	look at the evolution of the coin system in India. What are the 	currency notes and coins that we today? Try to trace the evolution 	and make a list of currency that has been used in India.
# Make a presentation of all the 	industries in your area. Make a list of the different kinds of 	occupations provided by these industries and the number of people in 	your neighbourhood who work in each industry.
 
== Additional resources ==
  

 
'''&lt;Back Inside Cover Page &gt;'''

 
'''ICT Curriculum committee members'''

 
'''&lt;Please add names and designations here &gt;'''

 
'''Resource Book Creation and Editing team members'''

 
'''Creation
and Editing'''

 
'''Formatting
&amp; Copy Editing'''

[[Category:Textbooks]]